The Police Enforcement Act The Militarization Of Police...

I. Introduction The militarization of the local law enforcement first escalated with the passing of the 1981 Military Cooperation Law Enforcement Act, which allowed for greater engagement between the military and the domestic police (Coyne, 2015). The terrorist attacks on 9/11/01 provided an opportunity for an expansion of the militarization of the police (Coyne, 2015). In 2002, the Department of Homeland Security was formed. The Department of Homeland Security provided even more funding for local police departments to buy military-grade equipment and training (Hall, Coyne, 2013). The police started to use more military tactics and technology and this has lead to the lines being blurred between the police and the military. The idea behind the militarization of the police is preventing further terrorist attacks from happening on United States soil (Nacos, Bloch-Elkon, Shapiro, 2007). Even though there are some benefits from using military technology and strategies in policing, the militarization of police is more harmful than beneficial. From the moment civilian police agencies were created, there have been distinguishable differences between the military and civilian police forces (Brown, 2011). Brown (2011), states early opponents of civilian police forces would be an extension of the military that would limit individual freedoms, and commit governmental abuses. The goal of the military is to capture or destroy assets, and to use any amount of force need to achieveShow MoreRelatedNespresso Co. Analysis15084 Words   |  61 Pagesfollowing two orders: perfection of the forms and ambivalence (in order to send this message of privilege). Therefore, Nespresso is selling a combination of three elements: the machine, the capsule, and the club Nespresso. i. High quality Coffee More than 16 grands Crus are available from Espressos to Decaffeinatos, Lungos and Pure Origine. We can notice the use of the word â€Å"crus† in Nespresso website communication - that is usually used for wines - which indicates the will to promote Nespresso Coffee

Evaluation Of A Successful Student - 956 Words

Bosque 2 How to Become a Successful Student When you look back at yourself in high school, were you a student that always did well or were you the total opposite perhaps a procrastinator who always slacked off? Some students that begin their first semester of college find themselves struggling to keep up because of their old inadequate study habits and lackadaisical mentality. There may have been a time where you completed a project hastily the night before it was due or chose to go out and see a movie rather than staying in. Students make a choice everyday whether to prioritize their school work more or less. Despite this concept being the case, it doesn’t mean that you can’t become a successful student. By taking the right approach any individual can still become a successful student; preparation, self discipline, and proper time management are key factors. Preparation is crucial when you’re a student. 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Evaluation of teacher’s performance is used in order to sensitize educators to possibilities that they may have never considered before. To give a few examples, these possibilities may include more positive or effective ways of teaching, or brining their attention to certain aspects of their pedagogy that may have unwanted implications on their students. The article by Robin R. Alexander does not immediately proceed by explaining

Economic Freedom Environment and Economic Growth

Question: Discuss about the Economic Freedom Environment and Economic Growth. Answer: Introduction Economic growth is strongly believed to be steered on by stock market development. Productivity and greater positive economic growth is realized through physical capital accumulation and steady prices of shares in stock market. Economic growth is as well believed to be enhanced by stock markets development and banks; this is according to (Neusser Kuglar, 1998). Despite the presence of a number of theories concerning the impact of the stock market and financial institutions on economic growth, there is insufficient information provided on the empirical relationship between the two factors. The effects of stock markets on economic growth are still obscure on both high and low income countries. The places of trade of share for the public companies are referred to as stock markets. The buyer and the seller agree on the price at which the shares will be sold and bought upon their agreements. Regulatory authorities control the stock market exchange. The only shares which are sold or bought must be the ones listed for the transactions in the stock markets exchange. These activities tend to show the importance of the financial institutions through stock markets, idle savings are mobilized for flow and circulation in the market for productivity and growth of the economy. On the other hand, after the idle saving have been made into useful and productive capital, the process as well result to the surge of the financial institutions. In the recent past, developing countries have been experiencing stock market growth and development. Sub-Saharan Africa have shown a sharp shoot up of the stock market since 1989 when the number used only to be five, but currently the number have increased to almost thirty. The rising numbers of stock market development in these regions have been associated with the growth of economy in those regions since the stock market has got variety of roles to play. The health of stock market should be maintained in order to reap fully out of it. As a result of stock market development, the rates of growth of savings will be increased this will in turn have some positive effect on the growth on the economy. Additionally, the available resources are ensured that they are fully made use of appropriately towards developing and growing the economy through the stock market development. Small companies are nurtured for development by the stock market development through creating good investment oppo rtunities for those companies. The government for the countries that adopt and make good use of stock markets finds it easy to raise capital for development of their projects which helps in efficient allocation of investment resources. Relevant relationship between stock market and economic growth The relationship and the link between the growth of economy and how the stock market development results to the growth is still an open research field for which most of the economists have been trying to work on without much success. Some empirical studies carried out (Beck et al, 2014) and Korajezyk (1996) came up with a correlation that was trying to link the stock market and growth of the economy. This was also observed to be working well in India when they applied industrial production (IP) only to experience the changes due to the shift in the data frequency. According to (Beck et al, 2014), they used the dynamic framework for Chinese provinces in assessing the roles in the transitional economy. Stock price movements are often a reflection of what occurs in the economy and they are therefore a source of consumer confidence. Consumer confidence is affected by the stock market. The spending behavior of people is affected and sometimes discouraged by falling share prices and this has an impact on the GDP since reduced aggregate demand may lead to anoveral decline of the GDP. The GDP can be boosted when new projects have emerged, companies are allowed to make borrowings at cheaper rates which allows for the expansion of their operations due to activities carried out in the stock markets. Shares price fluctuations can be discouraging factor in the growth of the economy through the fall of their prices together with other factors as it negatively affects the GDP. The price market as well tries to outshine the rest of other factors that lead to the growth of economy (Binswanger, 2004). For instance, when there is high intensity of recession prices of the shares in the stock market may rise and in the process, the investors work hard towards recovery in the future (Stock Watson, 2001). This confidence built in the investors and other shareholders may have positive effect on the growth of the economy from the stock markets. The case has been documented both in high income countries and the low income countries. Additionally, firms ability to invest in the economy can be hampered by the falling of the share prices in the stock market. Firms get affected by this since they will not be able to release their shares into the market because the prices are lower, and this may affect their borrowing ability and sourcing of more money towards their management of activities (Gwartney et al, 1999). This will therefore hinder the amount of cash that is channeled into the economy thus affecting the growth of the economy. However, the continuous falling of the share prices in the stock market makes it difficult for the firms which depend on the shares to cope up in the industry which will ultimately affect the economy either directly or indirectly (Stock Watson, 2001). These are some of the facts among which when considered, may lead someone to perceive that indeed there is a close relationship between stock market and the growth of the economy. Though the type of relationship that exist cannot be relie d on in most of the case in measuring the extent or rate at which economy has grown. Other investments become more attractive when the stock market prices fall. In reference to this, bond market becomes an alternative to mesmerize firms in the market as people will be tending to shift from stock market into the government bonds. In the cases where uncertainties are experienced, investments offer better returns (Binswanger, 2001). The government bonds may be one of the major factors that lead to the fall of the stock market prices. The shift might be reducing some of the sources of business investments and ones this is done, it will have effect on the job opportunities thus resulting to retarded growth of the economy. These discussed factors show direct link between stock market and growth of economy across the countries in the globe. Theoretical literature People living in various countries, stock market does lead to drop of wealth for those people who have shares. Their financial outlook have been affected when the fall prove significant. The fall in the wealth of these people will as well lead to the drop in the economic development since it affects their spending rates as consumers (Greenwood Jovanovic, 1999). Mostly they tend to reduce their spending rates which have effect of reducing the amount of money pumped into the economy for its development (Beck et al, 2014). Although the shareholders tend to be prepared to lose money and they also tend to keep their spending patterns independent of the share prices. The prices of stocks in the market also play important role in the economy in different channels. Higher distribution of prices of shares result to extra stimulation for households and the firms that own them either directly or indirectly through positive wealth effect and pension funds. Moreover, the state of economy has been in some instances measured though stock market where the confidence channels is the way through which the prices affect real economy (Claessens Perotti, 2007). Uncertainty that may arise in the foreseen economic situation can be reduced by the stock price increase through boosting the confidence of households and firms. Higher prices of stocks benefit investment since cost of equity capital is lower (Neusser Kugler,1998). Growth of the economy can be enhanced more cheaply by firms with stock exchange through giving out new shares. Tobins Q ratio is increased through high stock prices. This ratio encourages investment of the firms in capital and the stock mark et as well has effect on profits channeled to the firms. Internal finance in the economy are sourced from the profits obtained as a result of higher stock prices which are in turn invested towards growing the economy of the country. These internal finances are important for they help when the external finances are not available which ensures the steady flow of finances in the economy since there is alternative source of finance (Jeanneney Kpodar, 2011). Empirical literature Determining the relationship that exists between the stock market and the growth of economy has been tried to explain by several empirical literature. Despite all the efforts and intensive research carried out, no convincing conclusion has been attained so far by the literatures. In response to that, some developed literatures come up and conclude in the favor of positive relationship between stock prices and the economic growth. In contrary to that conclusion made by other literatures, others argue that the relationship that could be thought to be existing between them has broken down. Non-fundamental factors can result to the rise of the stock prices beyond their intrinsic values. The empirical relationship between stock prices and output can be determined from carrying out the log-linear asset pricing framework (Campbell, 1998). In his empirical work, he regressed log-price dividend ratio against output growth. His proposed results were found significant in statistically insignificant in countries like Germany, Japan, France, the UK and the US. He raised the claim of negligible difference between the predictive content and the output. Various conclusions are made better still by the researchers over the same. According to Binswanger (2004), he ran OLS method and used industrial production growth rates on the dependent variable part while on the same he used lagged real stock returns on the side of explanatory variables for G7 countries dataset. In response to the test he conducted, all the G7 countries showed statistical significance between the variables that were tested but the case was not with France and Italy which are also among the G7 countries. As well, focusing regression was used by (Stock Watson, 2001), in their test they used real GDP and lagged explanatory variables which theoretically, they proved being relevant predictors for most of the industrialized economies in the G7 countries. In their results, they found infinitesimal marginal predictive content for the output at different quarters horizon. The prices of stock market have been volatile for used as predictors across countries in the globe. This empirical literature did not also come up with a clear and distinct relationship that exist between the stock markets and the growth of the economy in all the countries among the high level income countries and the low level income countries. According to Schwert (1989), the relationship between the economic activities and the stock prices can be determined through the examination of the volatility of both the economic activity and the volatility of stock prices. In his research, he came up with evidence that the health of the economy was greatly affecting the volatility of the stock market. He employed the model that made use of the monthly data which showed the increase of the average volatility by a significance of about 189 percent in the recession times. Despite all the above discussed empirical literature and the tests carried out on the relationship that could exist between the stock market and the growth of economy, the whole matter still remains inconclusive. Description of the data Data that were used in this study were secondary data that were collected for the market research database for stock market i.e. DataStream. All the aspects were followed for the organization and the entire process of data preparation. Quantitative data were obtained for analysis and comparative approach was incorporated in the data collection from the various data archive for the stock markets. Data that was collected covered the low income level countries to help in the investigation of the effects of the stock market on economic development. The sample of data was obtained from 30 low income group countries and 30 middle and high income group countries. This will help in comparing the effect of stock market in both groups of countries in order to come up with the conclusion about whether or not there is an effect imposed in the economic growth. In order to consider the stock market development, monthly shares data was collected in various markets since 1970 to 2010 from the selected low income group countries and selected middle/high income group countries i.e. Shanghai stock exchange market. These data were taken to represent the whole list of any type of stock markets. High frequency of stock market is observed through stock market capitalization and the growth of the economy is determined by the GDP whose frequency of observation is low i.e. quarterly. Changing the frequency at which the stock market is observed and making it to lower capitalization frequency, biasness will arise and some errors will be detected as this will be as a result of lost information. For farther realization of the effect of stock market in the economic growth, since we have realized that it is affected by the frequency of the observation of the GDP, more observable frequent variable is considered for growth of the economy. According to (Gwatney et al, 1999), they suggested that this was the activity widely practiced in the analysis of the economy. The alternative proxy observed in place of the GDP due to its frequency of observation is index of industrial production. Being that shanghai is in china, this therefore gives an opportunity for Chinas IP to be collected. The period of collection of IP is matched with that of the stock market data and therefore used to determine the economic growth as intended by the study. Methodology As noted by (Gwatney et al, 1999), the breaks within the time at which data is generated tends to be stationary, type 2 error is more likely to be committed by the Dickey-Fuller test (ADF) test in reference to the trend stationary process compared with another of the non-stationary that goes per random walk. Structural breaks will lead to a huge drop of ADF test; this makes the breaks to be ignored while the unit roots are being tested. Using ADF test is accompanied with a problem of deriving the critical value by using the null hypothesis without considering the structural breaks that may in turn distort the being of unit roots. The use of ADF unit root methodology increases the chances of type 1 error which can be mistaken in the time series data when structural breaks are available in the stationary series. In order to reveal the extent to which stock market result to economic growth, surveys will be carried on the trends of economic growth treating stock market as independent var iable. Cross sectional study will be found essential in this study as it will help in determining the relationship between economic growth of the low income groups and high income group countries. Collection of data was guided through the use of questionnaires in support of collecting relevant data that will be used in drawing appropriate and suitable conclusion as per the research questions. Economics resources database and other data sources will be deemed important in the study for as much as the collected data are appropriate. Simple random sampling method was also employed in order to provide for fair and equal chances for the collection of data from various databases. The trend line on the graph shows that there is positive correlation between the tested variables and that the variables are correlated. The direction of trend line is towards the right up from the left. The strength of the correlation is weak but it exists and therefore we can say that stock market has effect on the growth of economic development. Correlations fdi_gdp wdi_gdppcgr Spearman's rho fdi_gdp Correlation Coefficient 1.000 .281** Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 N 186 185 wdi_gdppcgr Correlation Coefficient .281** 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 . N 185 193 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Considering the Pearsons correlation coefficient which in this case from the table it is marked by 0.281 for both variables above and below, being that this value is not too close to zero and it is a positive value, we can therefore conclude that the two variables showing the economic growth of the low income countries are positively correlated but the relationship is weak since the value is not 1 or too close to 1. From the statistical results observed in the table and scatter plot, it is crystal clear and it can therefore be concluded that indeed, the stock markets have effect on the economic development or it leads to the growth of the economic development. This is as a result that from the correlation test, the result turns positive though not strong and also the significance test shows that there is statistical significance between the tested variables since the significance value i.e. 0.000 is less than 0.05. Conclusion Even though from the theoretical and the empirical analysis of the impact of stock market to the growth of economy is not brought out clearly, also, though there is a feeling that when the stock market grows, it leads to simultaneous growth of the economy. Economists are still in doubt of the real impact caused by the stock market to the growth of economy. But from the statistical testing conducted using the two tested variables in this study show that there is correlation between the stock market and growth of the economy. This has further has been confirmed with the fact that Pearsons coefficient correlation is positive and the statistical significance too ascertains that by driving us into concluding that there is statistically significance between the stock market and economic growth. Reference Beck, R., Georgiadis, G., Straub, R. (2014). The finance and growth nexus revisited.Economics Letters,124(3), 382-385. Binswanger, M. (2004) Stock Returns and Real Activity in the G7 Countries: Did the Relationship Change in the Early 1980s, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Vol. 44(2): 237-252. Campbell, J. Y. (1998) Asset Prices, Consumption, and the Business Cycle, NBER Working Paper: No.6485. Claessens, S., Perotti, E. (2007). Finance and inequality: Channels and evidence.Journal of Comparative Economics,35(4), 748-773. Gwartney, J. D., Lawson, R. A., Holcombe, R. G. (1999). Economic freedom and the environment for economic growth.Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE)/Zeitschrift fr die gesamte Staatswissenschaft, 643-663. Greenwood, J., Jovanovic, B. (1999).The IT revolution and the stock market(No. w6931). National bureau of economic research. Greenwood, J., Jovanovic, B. (1990). Financial development, growth, and the distribution of income.Journal of political Economy,98(5, Part 1), 1076-1107. Jeanneney, S. G., Kpodar, K. (2011). Financial development and poverty reduction: Can there be a benefit without a cost?.The Journal of development studies,47(1), 143-163. Neusser, K., Kugler, M. (1998). Manufacturing growth and financial development: evidence from OECD countries.Review of economics and statistics,80(4), 638-646. Schwert, G. (1989) Why Does Stock Market Volatility Change over Time? The Journal of Finance, Vol. 44(5): 1115-1153. Stock, J. and WATSON, M. (2001) Forecasting Output and Inflation: The Role of Asset Prices, NBER Working Paper: No. 8180.

Europe 
An
 Anthropological 
Perspective

Thesis statement Ever since the end of WW2, when race-related discourse in the field of European anthropology became largely delegitimized, world’s well-established anthropologists had realized that there were put at liberty of discussing anthropological matters within the boundaries of only two conceptual approaches, which can be generally categorized as ‘socio-economic’ and ‘ethnographic’.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Europe: †©An†© Anthropological †©Perspective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In its turn, this explains why the bulk of recent anthropological research in Europe (especially in Eastern Europe) has been conducted primarily along both approaches’ methodological lines. That is; whereas, socio-economic anthropologists proceeded with executing their professional duties within the procedural framework of ‘modernity vs. ethnography’, ethnographic anthropologists continued to research the matters of ethnography as such that remain largely unaffected by objective realities of living in today’s Europe. Unlike socio-economic anthropologists, who insist that the concept of cultural/ethnographic identity should be evaluated through the lenses of political economy, most ethnographically minded anthropologists assess the concept of ethno-identify through the lenses of cultural relativism, which automatically implies that the conclusions of their research-studies could be best described as utterly subjective. This; however, does not prevent some academicians from implying that anthropological subjectivity needs to be ‘celebrated’. For example, while referring to the book L’Afrique Fantome by French anthropologist Michel Leiris, in his article How many centers and peripheries in anthropology, Archetti (2006) states: â€Å"L’Afrique Fantome is a powerful book precisely because it is cent ered on the explicit recognition of the subjectivity of the ethnographer† (2006, p. 121). We do not subscribe to this point of view, simply because the subjectivity of a scientific research is being usually perceived as the proof of such research’s fallaciousness. This suggestion; however, does not imply the methodological framework of socio-economic anthropology as being only the appropriate one. The foremost weakness of both anthropological approaches appears to be the fact that their practitioners do not seem to realize the dialectical nature of a relationship between the notion of ethnicity, on one hand, and the notion of progress, on another – whereas, socio-economic anthropologists idealize environment, ethnographic anthropologists idealize psychology. In this paper, we will aim to provide a set of rationale-based arguments, in defense of our thesis, while pointing out to the fact that the strength of one’s willingness to think of its existential ide ntity solely in terms of tribally defined ethnicity, is the foremost indication of such individual’s lessened eligibility to be referred to as European, in traditional sense of this word.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analytical part Throughout the course of 20th century and the first decade of 21st century, the essence of socio-political and cultural dynamics in Europe never ceased being defined by two mutually exclusive tendencies: 1) The process of European countries growing increasingly industrialized, resulting in ethno-related discourses in these countries being gradually deprived of their acuteness, 2) The integrity of European socium becoming undermined from within by the rise of ethno-separatism in many Europe’s countries. The validity of this suggestion will become self-evident, once we admit that, throughout the course of 20th century, the pace of technol ogical progress in Europe had attained clearly-defined exponential subtleties, and once we compare the contemporary political map of Europe to what it used to be prior to 1914, and prior to 1991, respectively. How was it possible for these mutually exclusive tendencies to simultaneously affect continent’s geopolitical status and its geopolitical landscape? In order for us to be able to answer this question, we will have to briefly outline the basics of Europe’s anthropological history. Around 6000-5500 B.C., Europe experienced an invasion of Aryan tribes, the representatives of which were able to quickly assimilate what today’s anthropologists refer to as Europe’s ‘relict’ populations. However, in Europe’s mountainous/island regions, the assimilation process did not proceed very smoothly, due to the lowered geographical accessibility of these areas. In its turn, this explains why the descendants of Europe’s ‘pre-Aryan†™ tribes, such as Celts, Basques, native Corsicans, Southern Slavs (Bosnians), Carpathians (Ukrainian Hutsuls) and Caucasians-proper, were able to preserve their ethno-linguistic, and the most importantly – behavioral identity. After all, even the names of corresponding regions sound phonetically similar – Scotland, Escara (country of Basques), Corsica, Kosovo, Carpathia, and Caucasus. The findings of most recent genetic research-studies on geographical distribution of haplotypes in Europe, confirms the validity of this hypothesis – the presence of relict chromosome Y-1 in the blood of male populations from Europe’s mountainous regions accounts for as much as 50%-70%. In its turn, the presence of this chromosome in one’s blood, defines the extent of individual’s endowment with certain ‘relict’ psychological traits, such as intellectual inflexibility, tendency to indulge in violence, a hypertrophied sense of kinship (communal m indset) and an acute sense of ritualistic religiosity. The study Religious aspects of the social organization of a Castilian village, in which Freeman (1968) discusses the existential mode of Spanish (mountainous) Valdemora del Castillo village’s residents, contain a following description of a particular psychological trait (violence-mindedness) that villagers consider the most virtuous: â€Å"The most admired personality (in the village) is the one who â€Å"shows temper† and thus â€Å"defends himself† successfully in social inter- action.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Europe: †©An†© Anthropological †©Perspective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Assertiveness is valued above timidity† (1968, p. 42). In the same article, author emphasizes the fact that villagers are being endowed with a strong sense of religiosity: â€Å"†¦attendance at mass approaches 100 perc ent of the villagers and is considered important by men as by women† (1968, p. 43). It is not simply by a coincidence that the most notorious head of Spanish Inquisition, Thomas Torquemada (ethnic Basque), was simultaneously religious and physically violent. In his study Converts and consanguinity: The social organization of Moslem Slavs in Western Bosnia, Lockwood (1972) provides us with an insight onto the fact that, in terms of behavioral assertiveness, Bosnians can be well compared to Spanish highlanders: â€Å"Highland peasants (in Bosnia) are regarded as country bumpkins; the members of a particular village are known as rough-and-ready fighters. To some degree at least, these stereo-types are real† (1972, p. 56). The same can be said about Bosnians’ endowment with a communal spirit – just as it is the case with the rural inhabitants of Spain’s mountainous regions, most Bosnians think of interests of a community as such that surpass their perso nal interests: â€Å"Even the elected village head is relatively powerless without the backing of his fellow villagers. Similar effects of social pressures within the village are felt in various other context† (1972, p. 65). The reading of this particular article leaves very little doubt as to the fact that the communal mindedness represents Bosnians’ foremost existential trait. Rurally based Europeans with a substantial amount of ‘relict’ blood running through their veins, are also known for their intellectual inflexibility, sublimated in these people’s unwillingness to adjust to the ways of modernity. In her article Bioregulation and comida caseira in rural Galicia, Spain, Roseman (2004) points out to the fact that, after being asked by European Commission to observe additional safety regulations, the rural producers of Spanish traditional food comida caseira took it as an insult. Apparently, nothing could shake these people’s belief in rur ally produced food as being of necessarily higher quality then the food, produced and consumed by ‘city slickers’: â€Å"Among members of the rural and urban working classes in Galicia, there is an often interrelated and equally longstanding essentialistic discursive contrast drawn between the healthfulness and social rootedness of â€Å"home-raised food† vis-à  -vis externally produced and consumed commodities distinguished as being of questionable quality and even as constituting ‘vices† (2004, p. 13). Apparently, the factor of intellectual inflexibility, reflected by people’s irrational adherence to ‘tradition’, never ceases to define the workings of rural psyche, even when food-related issues are being discussed.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As it appears from reading Halpern and Kideckel’s (1983) study Anthropology of Eastern Europe, even as recent as in eighties, the anthropological discourse, regarding Eastern Europe, was primarily concerned with assessing Eastern Europe’s demographical dynamics within the conceptual frameworks of ‘modernity vs. tradition’ and ‘ethnicity vs. another ethnicity’. According to the authors, it is namely the fact that Eastern Europeans (especially the ones from region’s mountainous areas) have traditionally been known for the strength of their genetically predetermined tendency to proceed with trying to adjust their lives to purely formalistic religious and social rituals, which accounts for Eastern Europe’s social, political, economic and intellectual backwardness: â€Å"East Europe’s experience as political-economic periphery not only promoted ethnic sentiment but, in corollary fashion, was also a chief factor in the regionâ €™s underdevelopment† (1983, p. 389). In their article Europeanization, Borneman and Fowler (1997) had a made a perfectly legitimate point, while stating: â€Å"The multiethnic, autocratic East-Central European states have been at a permanent disadvantage vis-‘a-vis their West European counterparts† (1997, p. 492). As Hegel had once put it – Slavs occupy on Europe’s map more space than they do in Europe’s history. This explains why people from Europe’s Nordic countries have traditionally kept Eastern Europeans in low regard. In his article Cultures and communities in the anthropology of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, Wolfe (2000) states: â€Å"†¦a number of commentators have â€Å"written off† Russia because of its essentially â€Å"Eastern,† communal, and slavish mentality† (2000, p. 201). Thus, there can be few doubts as to the fact that the qualitative essence of one’s mentality cann ot be thought of as merely the reflection of a variety of different environmental factors that had affected the process of his or her upbringing – the way in which people address existential challenges is being biologically rather than socially predetermined. The soundness of earlier statement is best illustrated by contemporary particulars of EU’s functioning as a quasi-state. In his article Identity and borders: An anthropological approach to EU institutions, Abà ©là ¨s (2004) had gone a great length, while pointing out at the reasons why, within today’s boundaries, EU can never exist as a stable geopolitical entity, based upon the ideals of secularism and science-based rationale (the existential virtues of clearly Nordic origin). According to the author, the rationale-driven mentality of North Europeans is being simply inconsistent with passion-driven mentality of Southern Europeans: â€Å"†¦there is often a north/south divide in the (European) Commis sion†¦ countries generally in the north would be Britain, Ireland, Finland, Sweden, Austria, the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Luxemburg†¦ those in the south would include France, Spain, Italy, Greece and Portugal† (2004, p. 18). Whereas, most citizens in Nordic countries think of EU as a ‘common house’, meant to equally provide various benefits to all of its residents, in exchange for these residents actively contributing to house’s well-being, many citizens in Southern and Eastern European countries regard EU as somebody else’s rich household, the owners of which are being obligated to share riches with less-fortunate ones, in exchange for nothing. This is the reason why recent years saw the emergence of a so-called ‘euro-skepticism’ within EU, which is best defined as citizens’ growing awareness of the fact that the continuous existence of EU is its present form might actually be pointless. In her study The boundarie s of Europe: Deconstructing three regional narratives, Leontidou (2004) says: â€Å"European integration, even as incomplete as it started, was once a major event, but now euro-philia gives way to euro-scepticism in several regions and member states, as often shown in plebiscites† (2004, p. 610). The rise of ‘euro-skepticism’ is also being concerned with the process of EU’s socio-political policies growing ever-more absurdist. As it was pointed out in Shore’s (2004) article Whither European citizenship?: â€Å"Each year the EU spends over Euro 500 million on its cultural policy, which aims to promote the richness and diversity of Europe’s ‘shared cultural heritage’† (2004, p. 33). Yet, it is highly doubtful that either of European Commission’s high ranking bureaucrats would be able to comprehensively explain why it is necessary to spend money on promotion of ethnographic diversity within the Union, if the values of such ‘diversity’ directly confront the officially proclaimed purpose of EU’s creation – the building of a secular society, where details of society members’ ethno-cultural affiliation would cease to represent any importance, whatsoever. The actual reason why the ‘celebration of diversity’ had attained an official status in EU is simple – without being given a legal instrument of exploiting society in which they live, Europeans endowed with ‘relict’ mentality and ‘Europeans’ that had recently immigrated from a Third World, would have turned Europe into the battleground of everybody against everybody long ago. The fact that they are fully capable of doing it is being illustrated by the phenomena of Basque/Irish/Corsican terrorism, and by racial riots (initiated by representatives of racial minorities) that now break out in large European cities on almost daily basis. The irony lies in the fact that, if any body – it is namely the members of Europe’s ‘relict’ ethnicities that are being more psychologically ‘equipped’ to resist the process of Europe’s continuous Islamization, as compared to what it is the case with ‘proper’ Europeans. The reason for this is simple – even though Nordics leave enemy no chance, when it comes to engaging it at great distance, they do realize themselves quite powerless, when it comes to engaging the enemy at ‘close range’, especially when being required to play by enemy’s rules. For example, Switzerland has traditionally been taking pride in having one of the strongest armies in the world, capable of defeating just about any enemy imaginable. Yet, as of today, the population of Muslims in Switzerland accounts for 600.000.000 – in other words, the invading army of foreigners is already inside the Switzerland, while Swiss military continues to remain on lookout for th e enemy from outside. When being confronted by Muslims, ‘proper’ Europeans retreat, while striving to appease uninvited guests. The same cannot be said about ‘relict’ Europeans, whose psychological qualities allow them to successfully confront communally minded and violent invaders at ‘close range’ by proving themselves being even more communally minded and violent. Conclusion Even today, the subject of anthropological research cannot be discussed outside of euro-centrism as the intrinsic worldview, professed by even those Europeans who do not understand the actual meaning of this term. And, the manner in which euro-centric mind perceives surrounding reality is best described as dialectical – that is, such mind never ceases searching for the links between causes and effects. Therefore, it would only be natural for European anthropologists to strive to combine ethnography-based and socio-economy-based methodological approaches into a sing le one, which would be concerned with anthropologists taking into account both: the particulars of a studied populace’s biological constitution and such populace’s place on the ladder of socio-cultural and scientific progress. It is only when anthropologists will recognize that biology does matter, within the context of defining people’s ability to act as facilitators of progress, that anthropology will once again attain the status of ‘useful science’. References Abà ©là ¨s, M 2004, Identity and borders: An anthropological approach to EU institutions, : https://moodle.nuim.ie/2010/course/view.php?id=147 Archetti, E 2006, How many centers and peripheries in anthropology, : https://moodle.nuim.ie/2010/course/view.php?id=147 Borneman, J and Fowler, N 1997, Europeanization, : https://moodle.nuim.ie/2010/course/view.php?id=147 Freeman, S 1968, Religious aspects of the social organization of a Castilian village, : https://moodle.nuim.ie/2010/course/view .php?id=147 Halpern, J Kideckel, D 1983, Anthropology of Eastern Europe, : https://moodle.nuim.ie/2010/course/view.php?id=147 Leontidou, S 2004, The boundaries of Europe: Deconstructing three regional narratives, : https://moodle.nuim.ie/2010/course/view.php?id=147 Lockwood, W 1972, Converts and consanguinity: The social organization of Moslem Slavs in Western Bosnia, : https://moodle.nuim.ie/2010/course/view.php?id=147 Roseman, S 2004, Bioregulation and comida caseira in rural Galicia, Spain, : https://moodle.nuim.ie/2010/course/view.php?id=147 Shore, C 2004, Whither European citizenship? : https://moodle.nuim.ie/2010/course/view.php?id=147 Wolfe, T 2000, Cultures and communities in the anthropology of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, : https://moodle.nuim.ie/2010/course/view.php?id=147 This essay on Europe: †©An†© Anthropological †©Perspective was written and submitted by user Madyson Walker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Critical thinking

Critical thinking The concept of utility takes an important place in the economic theory. In context of marketing, the theory of utility is used in practice in order to facilitate the sales of the company and to adjust the business plan with the market demand and customers preferences. The concept of utility plays a vital role in the small firms functioning as well.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical thinking specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Utility is the use or satisfaction a person gets from a product† (What is marketing?, n.d., p.14). Taking into account that the search and satisfaction of customers needs are the fundaments in the profitability and overall effectiveness of the business, the efforts should be made by the firm to find the market segment in which it can provide utility to the customers. In this respect, it would be logical to quote John Mackey, co-founder and CEO of Whole Foods Market, who says â⠂¬Å"For us, our most important stakeholder is not our stockholders, it is our customers. We’re in the business to serve the needs and desires of our core customer base† (Boone, 2012, p. 39). The theory usually defines the four types of utility: form, time, place, and possession. However, the task utility is sometimes marked out by marketers. It assumes providing some service to the customer. In order to define which types of utility are relevant to the small firms, we need to consider the market structure in which they mostly operate. Boone (2012) states that the â€Å"traditional economic analysis views competition as a battle among companies in the same industry (direct competition) or among substitutable goods (indirect competition)† (p.65-66). The majority of small businesses function under the conditions of monopolistic competition defined as the market structure with the numerous competitors selling differentiated products (Monopolistic competition, n.d.). In order to survive, the firms must differentiate their product to make it stands out on the market by emphasizing the benefits it can provide to customers. There are four types of utility relevant to small businesses: form, time, possession, and task. The place utility may also add value to the small firms’ products but its role is substantially lesser in comparison with the other four and it rarely contributes to the good or service differentiation of the small businesses.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Form Utility assumes that â€Å"a product must be processed into a form that the customer wants or needs† (What is marketing?, n.d., p.14). For example, bakeries, delicatessens, or cafes benefit consumers by selling them products ready for use; they turn the separate ingredients into the integral product. The customization of good is one of the feat ures of the form utility (Winsor et al., 2004). That is why the form utility prevails in the monopolistic competition. Possession utility establishes legal ownership of a product which is supported by the receipt (What is marketing?, n.d., p.15). For instance, a lot of small businesses operating in e-commerce provide the customers with the opportunity to use the debit electronic payment systems such as PayPal. The use of the system simplifies the process of payment, thus creating benefit to the customer. â€Å"Time Utility could be described as being in the right place at the right time when a customer is ready to purchase a product† (What is marketing?, n.d., p.16). Undoubtedly, the debit electronic payment systems also represent the bright examples of the method of saving time while making a transaction. Besides, a lot of small businesses place their retail outlets nearby the potential customers’ residence. In such a way, they save the free time of customers who do n ot have to spend hours to get to the bakery, for instance. Finally, the task utility adds value by providing customers with special services. For example, the customers go to hairdressing or the beauty salon because they do not possess certain skills. In summary, the understanding of the customers needs plays an important role in the survival of the small firms. It is the factor that motivates them to add value to their products by using form, possession, task, and time utilities. References Boone, L. E. (2012). Contemporary marketing, 16th edition. Stamford, USA: Cengage Learning. Monopolistic competition. (n.d.). Retrieved from economicsonline.co.uk/Business_economics/Monopolistic_competition.htmlAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical thinking specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Winsor, R. D., Sheth, J. N. Manolis, Ch. (2004). Differentiating goods and services retailing using form and possession utilities. Journ al of Business Research, 57, 249-255. What is marketing? (n.d.). Web.

Cars History Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cars History - Research Proposal Example Although work on developing steam engines began in the 17th century, the idea to incorporate it into a road vehicle gained momentum only in the next century. In the course of the 18th century, many futile attempts were made to produce what was yet to be called the ‘car’. To be fair, engineers had indeed developed a few designs for steam-powered road vehicles, but they lacked the popularity and acceptance accorded to steam power in ships and railways. This was primarily because the steam based engine was too heavy for a practical road vehicle. Yet, the 19th century was called the Age of Steam. Harsh legislation was one great bane, at least in a few countries, with virtually strangling speed limits, at 5Â  mph in towns and cities, and 10Â  mph in the country. Laws went as far as directing a man bearing a red flag to precede every vehicle. In addition, tiime curfews applied to all vehicles except street trams. Electric Vehicles were among the earliest ones to be accorded the status of ‘automobiles’. They produce no exhaust fumes and are practically silent. Acceleration exceeds that of conventional vehicles. Sometime in the 1830s Robert Anderson of Scotland supposedly invented the first electric carriage while Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of the Netherlands, designed the small-scale electric car. Electricity as a means for transport propulsion found greater success in the field of public transport such as tramways and streetcars, where a constant supply of electricity was possible by means of overhead power lines. Historically, Electric Vehicles lagged in popularity primarily due to issues with high battery costs, low distance interval between successive recharges, long charging time, and low battery lifespan, etc. But these vehicles are generally cheaper to make and maintain than internal combustion engine vehicles because they have fewer parts. However, around 1900, electric land vehicles in America outsold all other

Reflection in Classroom Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection in Classroom Management - Essay Example The system is also not punitive, which appeals to me. Essentially, Sayeski and Brown advocate a model of classroom management with three tiers. The first tier is teacher-focused. It details how a teacher sets behavioral expectations in the classroom, clearly communicates these expectations, sets a positive classroom climate, and creates meaningful instruction. If a teacher examines all of these points, she will eliminate the majority of behavioral issues in the classroom. The second tier focuses on minor classroom disturbances by creating a reinforcement system. This system can be rewards that the students earn for good behavior, or it can be privileges that students lose for poor behavior. The system can address individuals and groups. The third tier emphasizes individual behavioral interventions. Essentially, for chronic misbehavior, the teacher assesses the cause of the student’s behavior and creates an individual plan to address this behavior. The plan can establish reward s and punishments, but it focuses on teaching the child the proper social skills to control his behavior. Overall, I found that the article connects well to my personal experiences. If a teacher spends time developing the first tier, i.e. deciding what behaviors she wants from students and what she will not tolerate, the students will generally follow the rules. In my experience, most students want the teacher to like them and will follow the rules if they are clear and communicated to the student. The second tier is a good method for addressing behavioral issues arising from groups or for when students forget the rules and expectations of the first tier. It provides a means for establishing order when a large number of students become too restless. I found the third tier to be very useful. The students who cause the most issues in the classroom are usually individuals who lack the social skills to engage in appropriate behavior. To avoid embarrassing the student, I like that the th ird tier calls for meeting with the student individually and developing a method of improving the student’s behavior. I believe that the goal of education is to teach a student and not just punish him. This three tier method focuses on teaching students appropriate social skills and behavior and not just punishing them. Personal Behavioral Management Plan Students must have an ordered learning environment in order to demonstrate proper behavior. When students are not aware of what the teacher requires, they exhibit poor behavior due to frustration and ignorance. We, as teachers, cannot expect to follow rules and routines that we do not communicate to our students. Below is a sample classroom management plan that introduces rules, procedures, and consequences that the teacher will follow to create an ordered, positive learning environment. Sample Classroom Management Plan Rules 1. No profanity. 2. No sleeping. 3. Raise hand to speak. 4. Bring materials to class. 5. Be in assig ned seat. 6. All other rules as explained in your student handbook. Special Policies 1. You are allowed bathroom privileges. I only ask a few things: a. sign and date the sign out sheet b. leave and return quietly and in a timely fashion c. if you use your pass-out improperly, you will lose bathroom privileges d. you may also lose privileges for excessive trips 2. You will have the opportunity to correct any assignment that you